早花猕猴桃雄性新品种‘磨山雄2号’的选育
作者：韩飞，李大卫，张琼，刘小莉，姜正旺，张鹏，钟彩虹
（中国科学院武汉植物园·中国科学院植物种质创新与特色农业重点实验室，武汉 430074）
摘 要：‘磨山雄2号’是从中华猕猴桃实生选育而成的特早花雄性新品种。该品种树势中等，萌芽率80%以上，花枝率100%，成花容易。花为聚伞花序，白色，花量大，花冠直径34 mm，花瓣6~7片，花丝数约43枚，花粉量大，花粉萌发率76%~84%。花期早，在武汉4月上中旬开花，花期12~14d，能与早花雌性品种‘红阳’‘东红’‘红华’‘金玉’‘金农’‘川猕3号’‘丰悦’等花期相遇。尤其对二倍体红心系列品种授粉能促进果实品质改善，红色加深，可作为早花红心品种的专用授粉树。
关键词：猕猴桃；早花‘；磨山雄2号’；花期
▲磨山系猕猴桃公树
A new early-flowering pollenizer cultivar of kiwifruit‘Moshan Xiong 2’
Abstract：The seeds for‘Moshan Xiong 2’was collected from the precocious fruit of Actinidia chinensis in 2000, which were sown in the greenhouse in winter; and the seedlings were cultivated in 2001,while 1 500 sound seedlings were selected to plant in the garden in winter, with the row spacing of 3 mand the plant spacing of 0.5 m. In 2003, there were a small number of flowering plants, and most of them were male, of which the plant with the number of‘3612’flowered firstly, with the continuous florescence from 2004 to 2005. Then its branches was grafted on the tree of National Actinidia Germplasm Repository in 2005, which flowered in 2006, still with the earliest florescence in the garden, as long as 12 d; and all of the florescence were at the first ten days or middle ten days of April after continuous observation for many years, which remained at 12-14 d. It began to be the matched pollination tree for early flowering varieties, and variety regional tests were carried out in Dawu, Jianshi, Caidian and other places of Hubei. They were grafted on 4 a trees and began to flower at 2 a after grafting. In terms of the performance of test points in each area, its florescence could meet the florescence of the early-flowering female varieties such as‘Hongyang’,‘Donghong’，‘Honghua’，‘Jinyu’‘Jinnong’‘Chuanmi 3’ ‘Fengyue’and‘Wuzhi 7’and so on, with the wide coverage of flowering time and a large quantity of pollen.
▲猕猴桃雌花、猕猴桃雄花
In May 2015, it was examined and approved by the Forest Variety Approval Committee of Hubei province (Hubei S-SV-AC-003-2014). The chromosome of‘Moshan Xiong 2’is diploid, with the moderate to strong vigor, the germination rate of more than 80%, and the flowering rate of 100%. The flowers are cymose and white, with the large amount of flowers, the corolla diameter of 34 mm, 6-7 pieces of petals, and about 43 filaments, and the pollen amount is large, with the germination rate of 76%-84%. For the diploid red series of varieties, pollination can improve the fruit quality and deepen red, and it can be cultivated as the special pollination tree for early-flowering red species. In the area of Wuhan, it germinates in early March, flowers at the first ten days or middle ten days of April, and faded at the end of April, with the florescence of 12-14 d, and then gets into deciduous dormancy in December. The plant row spacing is 2 m×4 m, and the ratio of male to female was 5-8∶1 when planting, that is, 9-13 plants are planted at every 666.7 m2. The planting time is in winter, with the pruning time mainly in summer and secondarily in winter; and it is cut again after the flower fades, while it only needs to cut the winding branches, pests and diseases branches in winter. The base fertilizer and before-flowering fertilizer should be applied again, and the germination fertilizer should be determined according to the tree strength and soil fertility and etc. As for the plantation of young plants, the ring ditch with the depth of 60 cm and the width of 30 cm should be dug for fertilization, and for mature trees, strip ditch can be dug for fertilization or broadcast. And as for the orchards with the fertilization way of broadcast, strip ditch shall be dug for deep fertilization every 4-5 years, which is conducive to the deep roots. 20-30 kg organic fertilizer shall be applied for per plant as the base fertilizer, while 0.5-1 kg compound fertilizer shall be applied for per plant as the before-flowering fertilizer.
Key words: Kiwifruit; New cultivar; Early-flowering;‘Moshan Xiong 2’; Florescence
▲播宏优质六倍体猕猴桃公花
猕猴桃是雌雄异株果树，种植时必须配置雄性品种。一直以来育种人员非常注重雌性品种的选育，而对雄性品种的选育重视程度不够，生产上仅注重雄株的开花时间和花期，而不注重该雄株花粉的萌发率及对雌性品种授粉后果实品质的影响。实际上不同的雄性品种对雌性品种的结果和果实品质有影响，有的能促进果实品质改善，而有的却不利于结果。目前早花雄性品种非常缺少，随着红肉、黄肉猕猴桃越来越受消费者喜爱，栽培面积也在飞速增长，为了提升猕猴桃果实品质，目前生产上急需培育优质的授粉树品种。
1 选育过程
2000年从早熟中华猕猴桃果实中收集种子。冬季播种于温室，2001年培育实生苗，冬季选择1500株壮苗定植在育种筛选圃中，行距3m，株距0.5m。2003年开始有少量植株开花，且大多是雄株，其中编号为‘3612’的单株开花最早，2004—2005年连续开花，2005年冬季采枝条嫁接在国家猕猴桃种质资源圃大树上，2006年开花，花期仍是资源圃中最早，为12d，连续多年观察，花期均在4月上中旬，一直保持在12~14d。2008年开始作为早花品种的配套授粉树，在湖北大悟、建始、蔡甸等地进行品种区域试验，为更早地配套雌性品种授粉，均嫁接在4生大树上，嫁接后第2年开始开花，综合各区域试验点表现，花期能与早花品种‘红阳’‘东红’‘红华’‘金玉’‘金农’‘川猕3号’‘丰悦’‘武植7号’等花期相遇，且花期时间长，花粉量大。
▲一株种植在蒲江佳沃果园猕猴桃公树
2012—2013年开展了‘磨山雄2号’授粉树对雌性品种人工授粉后果实品质影响的研究，结果表明，该品种作为授粉树，对绝大部分中华猕猴桃雌性品种有促进坐果、提高果实品质的作用，特别是对红心品种‘红阳’‘东红’等表现特别明显，能使果实内果肉红色变深，风味浓。2015年5月通过湖北省林木品种审定委员会审定（鄂S-SV-AC-003-2014），定名为‘磨山雄2号’（图1）。
▲早花猕猴桃雄性新品种‘磨山雄2号’的选育
2 主要性状
2.1 生物学特性
‘磨山雄2号’为二倍体中华猕猴桃授粉品种，树势中等偏强 ，萌芽率80% ，成花容易 ，花枝率100%，以短缩花枝和短花枝为主。花为聚伞花序，花冠直径34mm，花瓣6~7枚，花丝数约43枚，花药纵横径1.72mm×0.76mm。花粉量大，花粉萌发率稳定在76%~84%（表1）。在武汉地区，4月上中旬初花，花期12~14d。
▲早花猕猴桃雄性新品种‘磨山雄2号’的选育
2.2 与部分雌性品种花期的比较
将‘磨山雄2号’的开花时间、花期与国家猕猴桃种质资源圃收集保存的二倍体雌性品种进行观察比较，发现‘磨山雄2号’的花期能与大部分中华猕猴桃二倍体雌性品种如‘红阳’‘红华’‘东红’‘川猕3号’‘丰悦’‘满天红’‘金玉’‘Hort16A’‘金早’等相遇，能覆盖这些雌性品种的花期（表2）。
2.3 授粉后对果实品质的影响
以‘磨山雄2号’为授粉树，用‘磨山雄1号’作对照，对雌性品种‘东红’‘红阳’‘红华’‘川猕3号’等进行人工授粉，研究其对雌性品种果实品质的影响。从表3可以看出，‘东红’‘红阳’‘红华’的坐果率以‘磨山雄2号’高，只有黄肉猕猴桃‘川猕3号’的坐果率为‘磨山雄1号’略高；对于可溶性固形物含量、维生素C含量也表现出同样的规律，3个红心品种都是以‘磨山雄2号’略高或接近；而酸含量也是‘磨山雄2号’表现略低或相同。固酸比越高，说明果实品质风味越好。试验结果表明‘，磨山雄2号’授粉有利于改进红心系列果实的内在品质和提高坐果率，而‘磨山雄1号’对红心系列品种的授粉效果
低于‘磨山雄2号’。生产中‘，磨山雄1号’主要作为早熟黄肉系列品种的授粉树，而‘磨山雄2号’主要作为早熟红心品种的授粉树。
2.4 适应性和抗逆性
根据国家猕猴桃种质资源圃和各地区域试验结果发现，该品种花期时间稳定，花期长，能与‘红阳’‘东红’等10余个早花雌性品种花期相遇，且授粉坐果率高，果实品质优。在湖北武汉夏季高温季节与红心品种授粉后，果肉红色也未见消褪。该品种较抗黑斑病和褐斑病，耐寒性中等，适宜在低海拔猕猴桃产区种植。
▲二倍体猕猴桃公花普遍偏小
3 分子生物学鉴定
按照改良CTAB法提取‘磨山雄2号’‘磨山4号’和‘磨山雄5号’的 DNA 样品。以Geo101分子标记设计引物，其正向引物为：AGCATCGACAGTTCAGTTGG，反 向 引 物 为 GCAGTTGAATCTTGCCATCA。以‘磨山雄2号’‘磨山4号’和‘磨山雄5号’的基因组DNA为模板，采用Geo101分子标记引物进行PCR扩增。使用3730xl测序分析仪检测扩增片段，使用Genemapper软件分析SSR扩增数据，利用STR毛细管电泳检测扩增片段峰。
利用Geo101分子标记扩增磨山雄系列品种结果（图2）表明：‘磨山雄 2 号’扩增得到1条带，为274bp；‘磨山4号’扩增得到2条带，分别为274bp和 278bp‘；磨山雄5号’扩增得到2条带，分别为270bp和272bp，说明‘磨山雄2号’在分子水平上有区别于‘磨山4号’和‘磨山雄5号’材料，具备特异性。
▲上图为国内采用干物质检测方法，即将烘干的猕猴桃薄片
4 栽培技术要点
4.1 整形修剪
‘磨山雄2号’树势中等偏强，宜采用平顶大棚架式或“T”形棚架，一干两主蔓多侧蔓树形，幼苗主干生长离架面5~10cm处摘心促发二次梢，选择上端2个对向新梢作主蔓培养。以夏季修剪为主，冬剪为辅，谢花后重剪回缩，冬季只需要剪去缠绕枝、病虫枝。
4.2 土、肥管理
重施基肥和花前肥，萌芽肥量视树势和土壤肥力等而定。基肥每株施有机肥20~30kg，花前肥每株施0.5~1kg复合肥。
▲早花猕猴桃雄性新品种‘磨山雄2号’的选育
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▲红心猕猴桃糖度检测
