Kiwifruit is planted worldwide猕猴桃世界范围内种植 中英文对照

Specimens of the plant were collected by the agent for the Royal Horticultural Society, London, in 1847 and described from his dried material, In 1900, seeds gathered in Hupeh were sent to England by E.H. Wilson. The resulting plants flourished and bloomed in 1909. When both male and female vines were planted together, fruits were produced but usually only solitary vines were grown as ornamentals. Seeds from China were introduced into New Zealand in 1906 and some vines bore fruits in 1910. Several growers raised numerous seedlings (many of which were males) and selected the best fruiting types, which were propagated around 1930. By 1940 there were many plantings, one with 200 vines, especially on the eastern coast of the North Island. The fruits were being marketed and were very popular with American servicemen stationed in New Zealand during World War II, Commercial exporting was launched in 1953, the fruits going mainly to Japan, North America and Europe, with small quantities to Australia, the United Kingdom and Scandinavia. In 1981, a survey of small holders in the Auckland suburbs revealed that the great majority of them intended to plant kiwifruit for the local market. Today, West Germany is New Zealand's biggest customer for kiwifruit. Production in 1983 was reportedly 40,000 tons as compared with 300 tons in 1937. New Zealand supplies 99% of the world production of kiwifruit and 95% of the crop is harvested within 35 miles (56 km) of the little town of Te Puke, Bay of Plenty–38º S latitude. The small industry was greatly assisted in 1971 by an arrangement with the Bay of Plenty Co-operative Dairy Company for the use of cool storage facilities and the construction of a cooperative central packing house. In 1984, there were 2,500 growers, more than 400 packing sheds and 200 "coolstores" with a capacity of 1.9 million tons. A $10,000 prize was offered for the design of a new package for export that would accommodate fruits of varying shapes and sizes.

▲golden kiwi tree

1847年，伦敦皇家园艺学会代理人收集了这种植物的标本，并根据他的干燥材料进行了描述。1900年，在湖北采集的种子由E.H.威尔逊送往英国。由此产生的植物在1909年繁茂开花。当雄性和雌性藤蔓一起种植时，会结出果实，但通常只有单独的藤蔓作为观赏植物生长。中国的种子于1906年引入新西兰，一些藤蔓植物于1910年结出果实。一些种植者培育了大量幼苗（其中许多是雄性），并选择了最好的果实类型，于1930年左右繁殖。到1940年，有许多种植物，其中一种有200棵藤蔓植物，尤其是在北岛的东海岸。这些水果在市场上销售，在二战期间驻扎在新西兰的美国军人中非常受欢迎。1953年开始商业出口，水果主要销往日本、北美和欧洲，少量销往澳大利亚、英国和斯堪的纳维亚。1981年，一项对奥克兰郊区小农户的调查显示，他们中的大多数人打算为当地市场种植猕猴桃。如今，西德是新西兰猕猴桃的最大客户。据报道，1983年的猕猴桃产量为4万吨，而1937年为300吨。新西兰供应了世界猕猴桃产量的99%，95%的猕猴桃产量在北纬38ºS的丰盛湾小镇特普克35英里（56公里）内收获。1971年，通过与丰盛湾合作乳品公司达成协议，使用冷藏设施，并建造一个合作的中央包装间，这一小型工业得到了极大的帮助。1984年，有2500名种植者，400多个包装棚和200个“冷藏库”，容量为190万吨。为设计一种可容纳各种形状和大小水果的新出口包装，获得了1万美元的奖金。

▲Kiwi pollination▲

Plants and seeds have been distributed from New Zealand to the United States of America (including Hawaii), and to Australia, South Africa, Germany, the Netherlands and Denmark. In 1981, plant exports amounted to $430,000 NZ. But in 1982 the New Zealand Kiwifruit Authority issued an appeal to cease exporting plants to reduce the likelihood of competition for foreign markets.

植物和种子已从新西兰分发到美利坚合众国（包括夏威夷），以及澳大利亚、南非、德国、荷兰和丹麦。1981年，工厂出口额达到43万新西兰元。但在1982年，新西兰猕猴桃管理局发出呼吁，停止出口植物，以减少竞争外国市场的可能性。

▲redkiwifruit▲

▲Kiwi sapling▲

The United States Department of Agriculture received seeds from Consul-General Wilcox in Hankow in 1904 (P.I. 11629, 11630) and the resulting vines were fruiting at the Plant Introduction Field Station at Chico, California in 1910. In 1905, a Rev. Hugh White sent in seeds from Kiangsi (P.I. 18535). E.H. Wilson supplied seeds from western Hupeh and Szechuan (P.I. 21781). In 1917, the agricultural explorer, Frank Meyer, sent back to Washington seeds from fruits he found growing near Lung to ping, Hupeh, ranging in size from "that of a gooseberry to a good-sized plum" (P.I. 45946). A plant from this introduction was given to Mr. William Hertrich of San Gabriel, California. It had perfect flowers and bore fruit "of good size and quality." Mr. Hertrich reproduced it by cuttings and in 1919 supplied some of the plants to the Station at Chico (P.I. 46864). In 1935, a New Zealand grower sent plants of a large-fruited kiwifruit (later named 'Hayward' in New Zealand). One of the plants was reported as still flourishing and fruiting–400 lbs (160 kg) annually–in 1982. After cultural techniques were developed in the 1960's, two California growers imported several thousands of plants from New Zealand. Special kiwifruit nurseries were established in 1966 and, by 1970, there were 40 acres (20.25 ha) devoted to this crop. By 1977 there were over 2,000 acres (800 ha) planted with kiwifruit vines but only 10% of the plants had reached bearing age. In 1982, there were about 1,000 small commercial farms in the state. In 1984, kiwifruit groves in California totalled 6,000 acres (2,040 ha). Most of the crop, worth $18,000,000 to the growers, is sold locally, but some has been shipped to Japan and to the Netherlands. The trade association, Kiwi Growers of California, was organized in 1972 and incorporated in 1975 to sponsor research and exchange and publish information. Nationwide publicity and marketing is handled by Blue Anchor, Inc., the California Fruit Exchange, greatly stimulating demand despite the high retail price of the fruits. The California Kiwifruit Administration Committee has set rigid quality standards, preventing the shipping of "unclassified" grade.

▲red kiwi tree

1904年，美国农业部从汉口的总领事威尔科克斯那里收到了种子（P.I.11629、11630），1910年，由此产生的葡萄藤在加利福尼亚州奇科的植物引种田间站结出果实。1905年，休·怀特牧师从江西送来了种子（P.I.18535）。E、 威尔逊从湖北西部和四川提供种子（P.I.21781）。1917年，农业探险家弗兰克·迈耶（Frank Meyer）将他发现生长在湖北省平平市隆附近的水果的种子送回华盛顿，大小从“醋栗到大小合适的李子”（P.I.45946）。来自加州圣加布里埃尔的威廉·赫特里奇先生收到了引种的一株植物。它开着完美的花，结出“大小和质量都很好”的果实。赫特里希先生通过扦插繁殖了它，并于1919年向奇科的空间站提供了一些植物（P.I.46864）。1935年，一位新西兰种植者送来了一种硕果猕猴桃（后来在新西兰被称为“海沃德”）的植株。1982年，据报道，其中一种植物仍在茁壮成长并结出果实——每年400磅（160公斤）。在20世纪60年代开发出栽培技术后，两名加利福尼亚种植者从新西兰进口了数千种植物。1966年建立了特殊的猕猴桃苗圃，到1970年，有40英亩（20.25公顷）用于种植这种作物。到1977年，有超过2000英亩（800公顷）的猕猴桃藤种植，但只有10%的植物达到了结果年龄。1982年，该州约有1000个小型商业农场。1984年，加利福尼亚州的猕猴桃林总面积为6000英亩（2040公顷）。大部分农作物价值1800万美元，在当地出售，但一些已经运往日本和荷兰。加州猕猴桃种植者贸易协会成立于1972年，1975年成立，旨在赞助研究、交流和发布信息。加州水果交易所Blue Anchor，Inc.负责全国范围内的宣传和营销，尽管水果零售价格较高，但极大地刺激了需求。加州猕猴桃管理委员会制定了严格的质量标准，防止运输“未分类”等级的猕猴桃。

▲Kiwi packaging▲

The Fruit and Fruit Technology Research Institute of Stellenbosch, South Africa, obtained budwood of New Zealand cultivars in 1960 and experimental plantings were made in a number of areas around the country. The success of the vines in the northeastern Transvaal inspired the installment of a large plantation of mostly seedlings, some plants from cuttings, at Chiremba in the lower Vumba based on New Zealand and California selections. At this location, the altitude is 3,280 ft (1,000 m) and the annual rainfall is 60 in (152 cm). The mean temperatures in southern Cape areas are close to those at Sacramento, California. However, there are great extremes in South African weather and occasionally very high day temperatures which may cause sunburn on exposed fruits. Nevertheless, the South African Kiwifruit Association was formed in 1981 at the University of Natal with expectations of developing successful cultivation.

▲红心猕猴桃▲

南非Stellenbosch水果和水果技术研究所于1960年获得了新西兰品种的芽木，并在全国多个地区进行了实验种植。特兰斯瓦尔东北部葡萄园的成功激发了人们在Vumba下游的Chiremba，根据新西兰和加利福尼亚州的选择，安装了一个以幼苗为主的大型种植园，其中一些植物来自插条。在这个位置，海拔3280英尺（1000米），年降雨量为60英寸（152厘米）。南开普省地区的平均温度接近加利福尼亚州萨克拉门托。然而，南非的天气非常极端，有时白天温度很高，可能会导致裸露的水果晒伤。尽管如此，南非猕猴桃协会于1981年在纳塔尔大学成立，旨在发展成功的种植。

▲Kiwi planting▲

The kiwifruit was already being grown in Cambodia, Vietnam and southern Laos, France, Spain, Belgium, and Italy where plantings were first made in the late 1960's and commercial growing started in the late 1970's. Italy advanced to third place in world production by 1983, with a crop of 6,000 tons from 4,800 acres (2,000 ha). Over one-half of Italy's crop is exported to France and other European countries.

▲redkiwifruit▲

猕猴桃已经在柬埔寨、越南、老挝南部、法国、西班牙、比利时和意大利种植，60年代末首次种植，70年代末开始商业种植。到1983年，意大利的产量从4800英亩（2000公顷）提高到了6000吨，居世界第三位。意大利一半以上的作物出口到法国和其他欧洲国家。

▲Kiwi seedlings▲

French interest in the kiwifruit has been stimulated by the low returns from apple-growing. By 1971, there were small plantings scattered around southwestern and southeastern areas of the country–valleys of the Garonne, Dordogne, Rhone and Loire rivers–totalling about 123 acres (50 ha). Greece is now producing kiwifruits for export to other European countries, filling the seasonal gap when fruits from New Zealand are not available. A recent development is the raising of kiwifruits in greenhouses in the Channel Islands, especially as an alternative to tomatoes suffering from European competition.

▲Golden kiwifruit▲

法国对猕猴桃的兴趣受到了苹果种植回报率低的刺激。到1971年，该国西南部和东南部地区——加龙河、多尔多涅河、罗纳河和卢瓦尔河流域——共有约123英亩（50公顷）的小型种植园。希腊现在生产猕猴桃出口到其他欧洲国家，填补了新西兰水果供应不足的季节性缺口。最近的一个发展是在海峡群岛的温室中种植猕猴桃，特别是作为受欧洲竞争影响的番茄的替代品。

▲kiwifruit▲

The vine was introduced into the Philippines at Baguio in 1923. It succeeds there only above 3,280 ft (1,000 m) and has not been exploited. Large plantings are being made in Chile, not far from Santiago.

1923年，这种藤蔓植物在碧瑶被引入菲律宾。它在那里的成功海拔仅为3280英尺（1000米），尚未被开发。离圣地亚哥不远的智利正在进行大规模种植。

▲redkiwifruit▲

▲redkiwifruit▲